Small rework

README.md

@@ -1,186 +1,257 @@
-# Install Arch Linux with encrypted filesystem(optional) and on btrfs partition  (UEFI)
+# ArchLinux install encrypted btrfs
-Official guide for basic install: [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Installation_Guide](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Installation_Guide)  
+
+# Install Arch Linux on EFI system with full filesystem (including /boot) encrypted and on btrfs partition 
+
+Official guide for basic install: [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Installation\_Guide](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Installation_Guide)  
 it is always good to consult with official guide, cause arch config might change in time  
-For setting up different locale, check official guide
+For setting up different locale, or better explanations check out Arch Wiki
-  
+
-# 1. Boot ISO
+## 1. Boot ISO
-### Download the ISO file from [https://www.archlinux.org](https://www.archlinux.org/)  
+
-### Put on pedrive  
+#### Download the ISO file from [https://www.archlinux.org](https://www.archlinux.org/)
+
+#### Put on pendrive
+
 ```bash
-dd if=archlinux.img of=/dev/sdX bs=16M && sync   
+dd if=archlinux.img of=/dev/sdX bs=16M && sync
 ```
-### Boot from the usb.  
+
-  
+#### Boot from the USB.
-### Set keymap  
+
+#### Optional (**experimental** approach to have desktop environment during install):
+
+##### Extend writable space so you can install basic desktop in live environment and for example use gparted for partitioning or open this tutorial in web browser or whatever you want. 
+
+<p class="callout warning">Remember this area is saved in your RAM, so make sure you have enough of it</p>
+
+```
+mount -o remount,size=5G /run/archiso/cowspace
+
+pacman -Syy plasma-desktop glibc konsole xorg
+pacman -Scc
+
+startplasma-wayland
+```
+
+#### Set key map
+
 ```bash
 loadkeys pl  
 ```
-### Update clock  
+
+#### Update clock
+
 ```bash
 timedatectl set-ntp true  
 ```
-### Optionally (recommended) update mirrorlist 
+
+#### Optionally (recommended) update mirrorlist
+
 ```bash
 reflector --country 'Poland' --age 24 --verbose --sort rate --save /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist  
 ```
- # 2. Prepare Disk
 
-### Update btrfs-progs
+## 2. Prepare Disk
+
+#### Update btrfs-progs
+
 ```bash
-pacman -Syy btrfs-progs  
+pacman -Syy btrfs-progs
 ```
-### Display disks setup 
+
+#### Display disks and partitions
+
 ```bash
-fdisk -l  
+lsblk
 ```
-### Create partitions (if you have not already)  
+
+#### Create partitions (if you have not already)
+
 ```bash
 fdisk /dev/sdX  
 ```
-1. 100MB EFI partition 
+
-2. 100% size partiton # ( encrypted optionally) for BTRFS, this partition will require formatting AFTER encryption if you do encryption  
+1. 100MB EFI partition
-### Swap will be as file in its own subvolume  
+2. 100% size partiton # ( encrypted optionally) for BTRFS partition, this partition will require formatting AFTER encryption if you do encryption
-```bash
+
-mkfs.vfat -F32 /dev/sdX1   
+##### Swap will bin in file with CoW disabled, which will be prepared later
+
+#### Format EFI partition
+
+```Bash
+mkfs.vfat -F32 /dev/sdX1
 ```
-  
+
-### ----------------- encryption (optional) ------------------  
+##### ----------------- encryption (optional) ------------------
-  
+
-### Setup the encryption of the system, don't use letters outside en-us keyboard like ąęć etc. for password  
+
-### Grub have some kind of support for luks2 now but still cannot decrypt luks2, so specify luks1 for now
+#### Setup the encryption of the system,
+
+<p class="callout info">Don't use regional letters (not in en-us keyboard) like ąęć etc. for password. This requires additional steps, which are not covered by this tutorial.</p>
+
+#### Grub have some kind of support for luks2, but not entirely, so for more fail-safe setup use luks1
+
 ```bash
 cryptsetup -c=aes-xts-plain64 --key-size=512 --hash=sha512 --iter-time=3000 --pbkdf=pbkdf2 --use-random luksFormat --type=luks1 /dev/sdX2  
 
-cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdX2 MainPart  
+cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdX2 MainPart 
 ```
-### Formatting as btrfs now when it is already encrypted  
+
+### Formatting as btrfs now when it is already encrypted
+
 ```bash
 mkfs.btrfs -L "Arch Linux" /dev/mapper/MainPart  
 ```
-  
+
-### ---------------- end of encryption ------------------------  
+##### ---------------- end of encryption ------------------------
-  
+
-### Format the partition if not yet formatted:
+#### Format the partition if not yet formatted:
+
 ```bash
 pacman -Syy btrfs-progs  
 
 mkfs.btrfs -L "Arch Linux" /dev/sdX2  
 ```
-### Mount partition to be able to create btrfs subvolumes  
+
-### If using encryption, change /dev/sdX2 to /dev/mapper/MainPart:   
+#### Mount partition to be able to create btrfs subvolumes
+
+##### If using encryption, change **/dev/sdX2** to **/dev/mapper/MainPart**:
+
 ```bash
 mount /dev/sdX2 /mnt  
 ```
-## Create subvolumes  
+
-### Using more complicated sheme, (but there actually is only need for separate @swap subvolume , other files can be on default top subvolume)  
+#### Create subvolumes
+
+##### This scheme can be adjusted to your needs, I'd suggest at least one subvolume for root (@) and one for snapshots (@snapshots). varlog and tmp are created to easily disable Copy on Write on` /var/log` and `/tmp`.
+
 ```bash
 btrfs su cr /mnt/@  
 
-btrfs su cr /mnt/@swap  
-
 btrfs su cr /mnt/@home  
 
-btrfs su cr /mnt/@var  
+btrfs su cr /mnt/@varlog
 
 btrfs su cr /mnt/@tmp  
 
 btrfs su cr /mnt/@snapshots  
-```
-#### disable copy on write on var, tmp and swap
-```bash
-chattr +C /mnt/@var  
-chattr +C /mnt/@tmp  
-chattr +C /mnt/@swap  
 
-umount /mnt  
 ```
-### If using encryption, change /dev/sdX2 to /dev/mapper/MainPart:  
+
+##### Disable copy on write on `/var/log` and `/tmp`
+
+```bash
+chattr +C /mnt/@varlog
+chattr +C /mnt/@tmp  
+umount /mnt  
+
+```
+
+#### If using encryption, change **/dev/sdX2** to **/dev/mapper/MainPart**:
+
 ```bash
 mount -o defaults,noatime,discard,ssd,subvol=@ /dev/sdX2 /mnt  
-  
-mkdir /mnt/swap  
 
 mkdir /mnt/home  
 
-mkdir /mnt/var  
+mkdir -p /mnt/var/log  
 
 mkdir /mnt/tmp  
 
 mkdir /mnt/snapshots  
 
 mkdir /mnt/efi # for EFI partition /dev/sdX1  
-  ```
-### If using encryption, change /dev/sdX2 to /dev/mapper/MainPart  
-### for swap subvolume add nodatacow option to disable CoW (works only if its separate partition)
-### Discard ssd and noatime are for ssd disks only  
-```bash
-mount -o defaults,noatime,nodatacow,discard,ssd,subvol=@swap /dev/sdX2 /mnt/swap  
-
-mount -o defaults,noatime,discard,ssd,subvol=@home /dev/sdX2 /mnt/home  
-
-mount -o defaults,noatime,discard,ssd,subvol=@var /dev/sdX2 /mnt/var  
-
-mount -o defaults,noatime,discard,ssd,subvol=@tmp /dev/sdX2 /mnt/tmp  
-
-mount -o defaults,noatime,discard,ssd,subvol=@snapshots /dev/sdX2 /mnt/snapshots  
-
-mount /dev/sdX1 /mnt/efi  
-  
 ```
-# 3.  Install Arch Linux
-  
-### Select the mirror to be used if not updated with reflector on start  
-```bash
-nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist  
-```
-### This command can be customized with additional packages  
-```bash
-pacstrap /mnt/ base base-devel git btrfs-progs efibootmgr linux linux-headers linux-firmware mkinitcpio dhcpcd bash-completion sudo  
-  ```
-### Use genfstab with -U parameter if no encryption
-```bash
-genfstab /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab  
-  ```
-### If using swapfile check if nodatacow is added for @swap 
-```bash
-vim /mnt/etc/fstab  
-  ```
 
-  
+#### Discard and ssd options and are for ssd disks only
-# 4. Configure the system 
+
-  
+#### If using encryption, change **/dev/sdX2** to **/dev/mapper/MainPart**
-### Switch to installed system root user
+
 ```bash
-arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash  
+mount -o defaults,noatime,discard,ssd,subvol=@home /dev/sdX2 /mnt/home
+
+mount -o defaults,noatime,discard,ssd,subvol=@varlog /dev/sdX2 /mnt/var/log
+
+mount -o defaults,noatime,discard,ssd,subvol=@tmp /dev/sdX2 /mnt/tmp
+
+mount -o defaults,noatime,discard,ssd,subvol=@snapshots /dev/sdX2 /mnt/snapshots
+
+mount /dev/sdX1 /mnt/efi
 ```
-  
+
-### Nano can be usefull when editing config files
+# 3. Install Arch Linux
+
+#### Select the mirror to be used if not updated with reflector on start
+
 ```bash
-pacman -Syy nano  
+vim /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist  
-  ```
+```
-### Setup system clock  
+
+#### Install base system:
+
+##### This command can be customized with additional packages (**btrfs-progs is necessary to let the system boot up from btrfs partition !**)
+
+```bash
+pacstrap /mnt/ base base-devel git btrfs-progs efibootmgr linux linux-headers linux-firmware mkinitcpio dhcpcd bash-completion sudo
+```
+
+#### Generate fstab:
+
+##### Use genfstab with -U parameter if no encryption
+
+```bash
+genfstab /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
+```
+
+####  
+
+# 4. Configure the system
+
+#### Switch to installed system root user
+
+```bash
+arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash
+```
+
+#### Nano can be usefull when editing config files
+
+```bash
+pacman -Syy nano
+```
+
+#### Setup system clock
+
 ```bash
 ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Warsaw /etc/localtime  
 
 hwclock --systohc --utc  
 ```
-  
+
-### Set the hostname in `/etc/hostname`
+#### Set the hostname in `/etc/hostname`
+
 ```test
-myhostname 
+myhostname
-  ```
+```
-### Edit vconsole  in `/etc/vconsole.conf`
+
+#### Edit vconsole in `/etc/vconsole.conf`
+
 ```text
 KEYMAP=pl  
 FONT=Lat2-Terminus16.psfu.gz  
 FONT_MAP=8859-2  
+
 ```
-### Setup locale  
+
-### Uncomment pl_PL.UTF-8 in /etc/locale.gen and then run:  
+#### Setup locale
+
+##### Uncomment pl\_PL.UTF-8 in /etc/locale.gen and then run:
+
 ```bash
-locale-gen  
+locale-gen
-  ```
+```
-### Update locale in `etc/locale.conf`
+
+#### Update locale in `etc/locale.conf`
+
 ```text
 LANG=en_US.UTF-8
 LC_COLLATE=pl_PL.UTF-8
@@ -188,136 +259,228 @@ LC_MEASUREMENT=pl_PL.UTF-8
 LC_MONETARY=pl_PL.UTF-8
 LC_NUMERIC=pl_PL.UTF-8
 LC_TIME=pl_PL.UTF-8
-  ```
+
-### Hosts in `/etc/hosts`
+```
+
+#### Hosts in `/etc/hosts`
+
 ```text
 127.0.0.1 localhost  
 ::1 localhost  
 127.0.1.1 myhostname.localdomain myhostname  
-  ```
+
-### Now create 4GiB swap file. nodatacow is already on @swap but if you follow exactly then @swap is on same partition as other subvolumes and nodatacow will not work for whole subvolume so you need to disavle CoW manualy :  
+```
+
+#### Now create empty (with 0 size) swap file:
+
+#### Create separate folder for swapfile. This folder is needed to let you make snapshot of `/`, which would not be possible with any file in it with CoW disabled!
+
+```
+mkdir /swap
+
+chattr +C /swap
+```
+
+#### Copy on Write should always be disabled on swap file, so it will be done in the next step
+
 ```bash
 touch /swap/swapfile  
 ```
-### Check if C attribute is enabled with 
+
+#### Check if C attribute is enabled (should be already if created in folder with disabled CoW attribute)
+
 ```bash
 lsattr /swap/swapfile'
 ```
-### If not then disable COW for swapfile manually: 
+
+#### If not then disable CoW for swapfile manually:
+
 ```bash
 chattr +C /swap/swapfile  
-  ```
+```
-### Expanding empty file to 4GiB swap file  
+
+#### Expanding empty file to 4GiB swap file
+
 ```bash
 dd if=/dev/zero of=/swap/swapfile bs=1024K count=4096  
-  
+
 chmod 600 /swap/swapfile  
-  ```
+
-### Format the swap file.  
+```
+
+#### Format the swap file.
+
 ```bash
 mkswap /swap/swapfile  
- ``` 
+```
-### Turn swap file on.  
+
+#### Turn swap file on.
+
 ```bash
 swapon /swap/swapfile  
-```  
+```
-### You also need to update `/etc/fstab` to mount swapfile on boot:  
+
+#### You also need to update `/etc/fstab` to mount swapfile on boot:
+
 ```text
 /swap/swapfile none swap sw 0 0  
-  ```
+```
-### Set password for root  
+
+#### Set password for root
+
 ```bash
 passwd  
 ```
-### Add real user  
+
+#### Add real user an set password for him
+
 ```bash
 useradd -m MYUSERNAME 
+
 passwd MYUSERNAME  
-  ```
+```
-### Configure mkinitcpio with modules needed for the initrd image  
+
+### Configure mkinitcpio with modules needed for the initrd image
+
 ```bash
 vim /etc/mkinitcpio.conf  
 ```
-### Remove 'fsck' and add 'keyboard', 'keymap', 'encrypt' and 'btrfs' to HOOKS before filesystems  
+
-### If no encryption then only remove fsck and add on that place btrfs  
+#### Add 'keyboard', 'keymap', 'encrypt' and 'btrfs' to HOOKS before filesystems:
+
+```
+HOOKS=(base udev autodetect keyboard keymap modconf block btrfs filesystems keyboard fsck)
+```
+
+#### Add btrfsck to binaries:
+
+```
+BINARIES=(btrfsck)
+```
+
+#### **With encryption:** also add encrypt before btrfs:
+
 ```text
 HOOKS=(... keyboard keymap block encrypt btrfs ... filesystems ...)  
-  ```
+```
-###### optionally add BINARIES=(/usr/bin/btrfs) for rescue?  
+
-  
+######  
-### Regenerate initrd images 
+
+#### Regenerate initrd images
+
 ```bash
 mkinitcpio -P  
-  ```
+```
-  # 5. Install bootloader
+
-  
+# 5. Install bootloader
-### Setup grub (UEFI)  
+
+#### Setup grub (UEFI)
+
 ```bash
 pacman -S grub efibootmgr os-prober dosfstools mtools  
-  ```
-  
-### -------------encryption only---------------------  
-#### edit `/etc/default/grub` 
-```text
-GRUB_ENABLE_CRYPTODISK=y  
 ```
-### Find UUID (UUID for /dev/sdX2) of crypto partition so we can add it to grub config  
+
+#### -------------encryption only---------------------
+
+#### edit `/etc/default/grub`
+
+```text
+GRUB_ENABLE_CRYPTODISK=y 
+```
+
+#### Find UUID (UUID for /dev/sdX2) of crypto partition so we can add it to grub config
+
 ```bash
-blkid  
+blkid 
 ```
-### Now set this line including proper UUID in place of "\<device-UUID>":
+
-#### (temporarly you can use /dev/sdX2 in place of "UUID=\<device-UUID>" and change it later easy in gui mode)
+#### Now set this line including proper UUID in place of "&lt;device-UUID&gt;":
-edit `/etc/default/grub`
+
+#### (temporarly you can use /dev/sdX2 in place of "UUID=&lt;device-UUID&gt;" and change it later easy in gui mode)
+
+##### edit `/etc/default/grub`
+
 ```text
-GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="cryptdevice=UUID=\<device-UUID>:MainPart:allow-discards"  
+GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="cryptdevice=UUID=<device-UUID>:MainPart:allow-discards"  
 ```
-### allow-discards is only for ssd  
+
-  
+##### allow-discards is only for ssd to let trim work with encryption enabled
-### Generate key so grub don't ask twice for password on boot  
+
+#### Generate key so grub don't ask twice for password on boot
+
 ```bash
 dd bs=512 count=4 if=/dev/random of=/crypto_keyfile.bin iflag=fullblock  
 chmod 600 /crypto_keyfile.bin  
 chmod 600 /boot/initramfs-linux*  
 cryptsetup luksAddKey /dev/sdX2 /crypto_keyfile.bin  
 ```
-### If you change name of key file there is need to add kernel parameter like cryptkey=rootfs:path  
+
-### Crypto_keyfile.bin is the default name that kernel will guess anyway  
+#### If you change name of key file there is need to add kernel parameter like cryptkey=rootfs:path
-### Now add this file to `/etc/mkinitcpio.conf`   
+
+#### Crypto\_keyfile.bin is the default name that kernel will guess anyway
+
+#### Now add this file to `/etc/mkinitcpio.conf`
+
 ```text
-FILES=(/crypto_keyfile.bin)  
+FILES=(/crypto_keyfile.bin) 
 ```
+
 then run:
+
 ```bash
 mkinitcpio -P  
 ```
-### -------------encryption end---------------------  
+
-  
+#### -------------encryption end---------------------
-### Install
+
+#### Install grub for 
+
 ```bash
 grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/efi --bootloader-id=GRUB  
 grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg  
- ```
+```
-### Exit new system  
+
+#### Exit new system
+
 ```bash
 exit  
-  ```
+```
-### Unmount all partitions  
+
+#### Unmount all partitions
+
 ```bash
 swapoff -a  
 umount -R /mnt
 ```
-  
+
-### Reboot into the new system, don't forget to remove the CD/pendrive
+#### Reboot into the new system, don't forget to remove the pendrive
+
 ```bash
 reboot  
 ```
-### or  
+
+#### or
+
 ```bash
 shutdown now  
-  ```
-## Addtitional tips
-### To get proper locale and keymap, check:  
-```bash
-localectl status  
 ```
-### On KDE plasma , also set settings > ... > keyboard layout && regional settings
+
+### 6. Addtitional tips:
+
+#### Install AUR helper (git and base-devel packages needed to do so):
+
+```
+git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/yay.git
+
+cd yay
+
+makepkg -si
+```
+
+#### To get proper locale and keymap, check:
+
+```bash
+localectl status
+```
+
+#### On KDE plasma , also set settings &gt; ... &gt; keyboard layout &amp;&amp; regional settings